Three-dimensional–printed marker–based augmented reality neuronavigation: a new neuronavigation technique

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the precision and feasibility 3D-printed marker–based augmented reality (AR) neurosurgical navigation its use intraoperatively compared with optical tracking neuronavigation systems (OTNSs). METHODS Three-dimensional–printed markers for CT MRI intraoperative were applied mobile devices using an AR light detection ranging (LIDAR) camera. 3D segmentations intracranial tumors created MR images, preoperative registration marker pathology performed. A patient-specific, surgeon-facilitated application developed, a device camera used high accuracy, ease, cost-effectiveness. After accuracy values preliminarily assessed, technique in 8 patients. RESULTS LIDAR found successfully overlay images virtual tumor according position marker. targeting error that measured ranged from 0.5 3.5 mm (mean 1.70 ± 1.02 mm, median 1.58 mm). mean preparation time 35.7 5.56 minutes, which is longer than routine OTNSs, but amount required placement very brief other 0.3 minutes). CONCLUSIONS system clinically feasible, highly precise, low-cost, easy-to-use technique. Three-dimensional segmentation targeted on brain clearly visualized skin incision end surgery.